media terminology.

Glossary Of Moving Image Terminology

Aerial Shot 


A camera shot taken from an overhead position. Often used as an establishing shot.


Close Up 


A head and shoulders shot often used to show expressions/emotions of a character. Also can be a shot of an object, filmed from close to the object or zoomed in to it, that reveals detail.


Extreme Close Up 


A shot where a part of a face or body of a character fills the whole frame/dominates the frame. Also can be a shot of an object where only a small part of it dominates the frame.


Establishing Shot 


A shot that establishes a scene, often giving ther viewer information about where the scene is set. Can be a close up shot (of a sign etc) but is often a wide/long shot and usually appears at the beginning of a scene.

Master Shot

A master shot is the recording of an entire dramatized scene, from start to finish, from an angle that keeps all the characters in view. 


Medium Shot 


The framing of a subject from waist up.


Two Shot 


A shot of two characters, possible engaging in conversation. Usually to signify/establish some sort of relationship


Point-Of-View Shot (POV) 


Shows a view from the subject’s perspective. This shot is usually edited so that the viewer is aware who’s point of view it is.


Over the Shoulder Shot 


Looking from behind a character’s shoulder, at a subject. The character facing the subject usually occupies 1/3 of the frame but it depends on what meaning the director wants to create (for example, if the subject is an inferior character, the character facing them may take up more of the frame to emphaise this)


Reaction Shot 


A shot that shows the reaction of a character either to another character or an event within the sequence.


Camera Angle 


The position of the camera in relation to the subject of a shot. The camera might be at a high angle, a low angle or at eye level with what is being filmed.


High Angle 


A camera angle that looks down upon a subject or object. Often used to make the subject or object appear small or vulnerable.

Low Angle 


A camera angle that looks up at a subject or object. Often used to make the subject/object appear powerful/dominant.


Canted Angle (or oblique) 


Camera angle that makes what is shot appear to be skewed or tilted.


Pan 

Where the camera pivots horizontally, either from right to left or left to right to reveal a set or setting. This can be used to give the viewer a panoramic view. Sometimes used to establish a scene.


Track 


A shot whjere the camera follows a subject/object. The tracking shot can include smooth movements forward, backward, along the side of the subject, or on a curve but cannot include complex movement around a subject. ‘Track’ refers to rails in which a wheeled platform (which has the camera on it) sits on in order to carry out smooth movement.


Crane 


A crane shot is sometimes used to signify the end of a scene/ programme /film. The effect is achieved by the camera being put onto a crane that can move upward.


Steadicam 


A steadicam is a stabilising mount for a camera which mechanically isolates the operator's movement from the camera, allowing a very smooth shot even when the operator is moving quickly over an uneven surface. Informally, the word may also be used to refer to the combination of the mount and camera.


Tilt 


Where a camera scans a set or setting vertically (otherwise similar to a pan).


Zoom 


Using a zoom lens to appear to be moving closer to (zoom in) or further away from (zoom out) a subject/object when in fact the camera may not move (so, strictly not camera movement). Can be used for dramatic effect.


Continuity Editing 


The most common type of editing, which aims to create a sense of reality and time moving forward. Also nick named invisible editing referring to how the technique does not draw attention to the editing process.


Jump Cut 


An abrupt, disorientating transitional device in the middle of a continuos shot in which the action is noticeably advanced in time and/or cut between two similar shots, usually done to create discontinuity for artistic effect.


Cross Cutting 


The editing technique of alternating, interweaving, or interspersing one narrative action (scene, sequence or event) with another – usually in different locations or places, thus combining the two: this editing technique usually suggests Parallel action (that takes place simultaneously). Often used to dramatically build tension and/or suspense in chase scenes or to compare two different scenes. Also known as inter-cutting or parallel editing


Cutaways 


A brief shot that momentarily interrupts continuous action by briefly inserting another related action. Object, or person (sometimes not part of the principle scene or main action), followed by a cutback to the original shot.


Freeze Frame 


The effect of seemingly stopping a film in order to focus in on one event or element.


Eye-line Match 


A type of edit which cuts from one character to what that character has been looking at.


Flashback 
A scene or moment in a film in which the audience is shown an event that happened earlier in the film’s narrative.


Graphic Match 


An edit effect in which two different objects of the same shape are dissolved from one into the other.


Linear Narrative 


A style of storytelling in which events happen chronologically.


Montage Editing 


The juxtaposition of seemingly unconnected images in order to create meaning.


Parallel Editing 


A type of editing in which events in two locations are cut together, in order to imply a connection between the two sets of events.


Visual Effects 


Visual effects are usually used to alter previously-filmed elements by adding, removing or enhancing objects within the scene. (see Cross Cutting)


Match on Action 


A shot that emphasises continuity of space and time by matching the action of the preceding shot with the continuation of the action. (For example a shot of a door opening after a shot of a close up of a character’s hand turning a door handle)


Diegetic Sound 


Sound that can be heard by the characters within a scene/ sound part of the imaginary world.


Non-diegetic Sound 


Sound that the characters cannot hear and is not part of the imaginary world of the story. This includes a musical soundtrack or a voiceover (however this excludes a narration by a character within the story – referred to as an internal monologue and is diegetic).


Score 


The musical component of a programme’s soundtrack, usually composed specifically for the scene.


Sound Effects 


Sounds that are added to a film during the post-production phase


Mise en Scene 


Mise-en-scene, a French term meaning “place on stage,” refers to all the visual elements of a theatrical production within the space provided by the stage itself. Film makers have borrowed the term and have extended the meaning to suggest the control the director has over the visual elements within the film image. Four aspects of mise-en-scene which overlap the physical art of the theatre are setting, costume, lighting and movement of figures. Control of these elements provides the director an opportunity to stage events. Using these elements, the film director stages the event for the camera to provide his audience with vivid, sharp memories. Directors and film scholars alike recognize mise-en-scene as an essential part of the director’s creative art.


Costume


Costume, or clothing and its accessories, is also an important visual element in film. Directors concerned with verisimilitude (historical reality) often go to great lengths to research clothing style, textile, and dye likely to be used by folk of a certain era, for costume is an indispensable means of establishing authenticity. Costume as an aspect of mise-en-scene in film, however, gains even more significance when directors manipulate costume so that it functions in special ways in the film as a whole. Costume can serve to enhance the narrative, or story, for instance, by suggesting social position of characters. 


Setting


Setting, as an important visual element of film, includes all that the viewer sees which informs time and place apart from costume.


Lighting


To the film director, lighting is more than illumination that enables the viewer to see the action. Lighting, like the other aspects of mise-en-scene, is a tool used by the director to convey special meaning about a character or the narrative to the viewer.


Properties (props)


These have to be sourced and provide another aspect of verisimilitude - creating a sense of reality and believability for the viewer.

Media project - Football

Bruno mars 24k magic representation.

Bruno mars 24k magic - 
1) In the video Bruno Mars is portrayed as a carefree wealthy man showing off his huge success to the many viewers he knows will watch the music video. He may have done this to show everyone that he is better than other people around the world. At the beginning of the video the camera is tracking towards a twin jet and valuable cars, so at the very beginning of the video bruno is already boasting his success to all viewers. The video represents the stereotypical view of hip-hop artists because bruno flash money, expensive cars, attractive women, extravagant outfits and even a very luxurious area such as hotels in las Vegas with marble walls and large luxury activities. There are also many mid-shots in the video, where Bruno flashes all his jewellery and expensive silk clothing. The mid-shots also take place either in front or inside  huge expensive places.
2)The women in the video are wearing barely any clothes in the video. The women only wear bikinis or dresses that show a lot of skin. This highlights that Bruno mars may not respect women enough to see them fully clothed - may only see them as attractive objects. A vast majority of the men and women are African American in the video, which may mean that Bruno Mars is making a statement, saying that African American people are as equal in wealth to white people, mainly to make a point. In the entire video Bruno only shows off his wealth and how expensive his lifestyle is. This is a stereotypical approach to music videos in the 21st century. Bruno uses close up shots of the women in bikinis to emphasis how much he doesn't care about other people opinions because he is surrounded by attractive women. He also does panning shots of all the women standing behind him and his friends. This may highlight that Bruno thinks that women are less important than men through how he has all the women standing behind him and his wealthy friends. There are also many full body shots of Bruno and his friends. Bruno could be doing the because he wants to show his expensive jewellery and clothing to every viewer of the video to show how wealthy and successful he is. In the middle of the video a tracking shot is added in of Bruno holding a class of champagne in a high-class casino. The champagne could represent luxury and the casino represents his wealth, like most of the video. Everyone is mostly dancing throughout the video which may again highlight that they are living fun, exciting lives because of their money and success because they are surrounded by a lot of women and are in a luxurious place. The whole video is shot during night time, lights are flashing all around bruno and the friends/actors. night time is stereotypically known as the 'going out' time of the day. Bruno may have had his whole videos made during night time to present his life as a party, because of how his life is so luxurious.
3)The main cover of the single is Bruno slumping back in a chair wearing silk clothing, high end jewellery and loafers. This is all to show every who even sees this cover that he is 'the man' and to show off his wealth (like the vast majority of the video). Also, from the fact that Bruno is sloaching back in his chair may highlight that he is a carefree individual that only cares about himself. The cover of the single is also from a long shot lens so that bruno can advertise himself to the world. At the beginning of the video a large white jet is presented, with fancy cars on the one side of it, mainly again to advertise his prosperity. Throughout the whole video Bruno just exhibits his accomplishments. The video obviously exhibits huge amounts of money to highlight Bruno's prosperity. Throughout the video, the camera is performing a high angle shot towards Bruno Mars. This may be because Bruno may feel more dominant than other people, hence the camera mostly positioned below him. This could be done because Bruno wants to portray that he is 'bigger' than everyone else.

Editing using premier pro.

In this task we had to construct a 60 second video on premier pro. We mainly just had to edit the video by adding the music we was given (oops upside your head) and certain videos we was given. I tried to produce my video in the most professional way possible which was quite hard because my sound does not work in the Mac so I could not tell if the video was out go beat wit the music in the background. I also trued to make my video look professional.

1) I found editing the video the easiest part of the task. after I was shown what to do I understood the task completely.
2)The difficult part of the task was making the music in rhythm with the videos we were given because I had to sound to work with. meaning that I had no clue whether the music was even in beat.
3)The main challenge was that my Mac had no sound, which made my task harder than it should have been. In the end I just went through my video and guessed the beat and tried putting the videos in line with the beats by trying to remember the song in my head.

• I thought how I ordered the separate videos in  to one large video really made the video look better than it was. It made the video look more technical than it was as well.
• I think if my mac had sound my video would have been better because I would have been able to put the videos in tune with the music in the background. Also if my mac had sound I would have been able to know hen the beat drops or gets higher in the music, meaning I could have edited each certain video to change with the beat, making my video even better.

media language - use of the camera.

Basic camera shot -

• ELS (extreme long shot) - An ELS shows the surroundings and the certain characters in those surroundings. The characters may appear as small dots in the films landscape.
• Long shots - A long shot is a full body shot of a certain  character in a film or a picture.
• Mid shot - A mid shot or a medium shot shows a character in a photo/scene from the waist up. This allows the audience to understand the characters gestures and their certain movements.
• Two shot - A two shot contains two characters of significance in either a scene or a picture.
• Close up shot - A close up shot mainly focuses on characters faces to show their facial movements. A close up may also show an object of significance to the scene.
• Point of view - A point of view shot is also known as a first person shot or POV. A point of view shot mainly shows that the character is looking at. 
• Extreme close up - An extreme close up show a significant character eyes to show their emotions to the audience.

Basic camera movement.

• Tracking - In camera movements camera men/women can track in or out. For example a camera man can follow the specific character from behind while they walk in a scene.
• Sideways tracking -  Sideways tracking is when the camera man follows the character in significance by he side of them. For example the camera man may 'crab' walk next to the moving character.
• Tilt - A tilt shot is when the camera stays in the same position but the camera man tilts it up or down depending on the specific character or object. 
• Zoom - Zooming is a specific movement that camera men use to zoom of a specific object or person in a scene. for example the camera may zoom into a knife coated in blood after a murder scene to make the scene more dramatic.
• Arc - an arc shot is when the camera covers an object or a character of significance with a semi-circle.
• Crane - an crane shot is when the camera lifts up on a crane or a jib.
• panning - the camera man does not move when panning, they move the camera from side to side to show the area around the specific character.

Basic camera angles.

• Over the shoulder shot -  is a shot of someone or something taken from the perspective or camera angle from the shoulder of another person.
• high angle shot - cinematic technique where the camera looks down on a character of significance or an object. High-angle shots can make the subject seem vulnerable or powerless.
• low angle shot - a low angle shot is also a cinematic technique where the camera looks up on the character or object of significance.